The Byzantine Empire, which emerged from the eastern portion of the Roman Empire after its division in the fourth century, was a civilization deeply rooted in both spiritual and artistic traditions. At its core, Byzantine culture was shaped by Christianity, which became the defining force behind its artistic expressions. Unlike the naturalistic approach of classical Greco-Roman art, Byzantine art sought to convey the divine, emphasizing spiritual truths over physical realism. This shift was not merely an aesthetic choice but a theological one, as Byzantine artists aimed to create works that inspired devotion and reflected the sacred.

One of the most significant aspects of Byzantine artistic expression was its connection to religious doctrine. Art was not merely decorative but served a didactic purpose, teaching Christian narratives to a largely illiterate population. Icons, mosaics, frescoes, and illuminated manuscripts became tools for spiritual instruction, helping the faithful contemplate the mysteries of faith. The development of a distinct Byzantine style—characterized by elongated figures, stylized drapery, and the use of gold backgrounds—was a conscious effort to separate the sacred from the mundane. This otherworldly aesthetic reflected the belief that art should act as a window into the divine realm.

Byzantine artists inherited many techniques from their Roman predecessors but transformed them to fit their new spiritual focus. The use of perspective, natural proportions, and movement, which had been central to Greco-Roman traditions, was largely abandoned in favor of symbolic representation. Faces in Byzantine art often appear solemn and serene, meant to evoke a sense of divine presence rather than human emotion. The emphasis on frontality and lack of depth in compositions reinforced the timeless and spiritual nature of the subjects depicted.