Communism is one of the most influential and controversial ideologies in modern history. At its core, communism seeks to establish a classless society in which the means of production are collectively owned, and wealth is distributed according to need. This vision of equality and social justice has inspired revolutions, political movements, and significant social change across the globe. However, it has also sparked intense debate, criticism, and conflict, making it a complex and multifaceted subject.

The origins of communism trace back to the 19th century, with the works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels laying its intellectual foundation. Their seminal text, The Communist Manifesto (1848), outlined the principles of communism and called for the working class, or proletariat, to rise against the bourgeoisie, the ruling capitalist class. Marx and Engels argued that capitalism inherently exploits workers, creating vast inequalities that would eventually lead to its collapse and the emergence of a socialist society as a transitional phase toward communism.

A key concept in Marxist theory is historical materialism, which posits that societal progress is driven by the struggle between opposing economic classes. According to this view, history has evolved through stages—such as feudalism and capitalism—each defined by its mode of production and class relations. Communism represents the final stage, where class distinctions disappear, and humanity achieves true freedom and equality.