Moral philosophy, or ethics, is the branch of philosophy that examines concepts of right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and injustice. It seeks to understand the foundations of moral principles, how they are applied in human life, and whether moral truths are objective or subjective. From ancient civilizations to modern societies, moral philosophy has played a crucial role in shaping human thought, behavior, and institutions.

One of the fundamental questions in moral philosophy is whether morality is a product of reason, emotion, or social convention. Some philosophers argue that moral principles stem from rational deliberation, while others suggest that morality is deeply tied to human emotions, such as compassion and guilt. Social constructivists, on the other hand, emphasize that moral norms evolve through cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and historical contexts.

The study of moral philosophy is often divided into three main branches. Meta-ethics explores the nature and meaning of moral language, questioning whether moral statements express objective truths or subjective opinions. Normative ethics examines different ethical theories that propose principles for moral conduct, such as consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Applied ethics focuses on practical moral issues, including debates on human rights, justice, medical ethics, and environmental concerns.