In emergency medicine, the first moments of patient care are crucial. A structured approach to initial assessment and triage ensures that life-threatening conditions are identified and managed promptly. The goal is to stabilize the patient while prioritizing those who need immediate intervention.

The Primary Survey follows the ABCDE approach—Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure. This systematic evaluation helps in quickly identifying life-threatening issues. Airway assessment focuses on patency, identifying obstructions, and securing the airway if necessary. Breathing evaluation includes checking for respiratory distress, auscultating lung sounds, and providing oxygen or ventilation support. Circulation assessment involves monitoring pulse, blood pressure, and perfusion, with immediate fluid resuscitation or hemorrhage control as needed. Disability evaluation considers neurological status, including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scoring. Exposure involves a full-body examination to detect hidden injuries while maintaining temperature regulation.

Once the primary survey stabilizes immediate threats, the Secondary Survey provides a more comprehensive assessment. This includes a detailed history using the AMPLE mnemonic—Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last meal, and Events leading to the illness or injury. A thorough head-to-toe physical examination follows, including imaging and laboratory investigations if needed. The secondary survey ensures that less obvious but critical injuries or illnesses are not overlooked.