The Magna Carta Libertatum, commonly known as the Magna Carta, is a royal charter of rights that was signed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede, near Windsor. This historic document was initially drafted by Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton in response to escalating tensions between King John and a group of discontented barons. The Magna Carta sought to resolve these tensions by outlining a series of promises and protections, aimed at securing peace between the monarchy and the nobility.

At its core, the Magna Carta addressed several critical grievances, promising protection for the rights of the Church, safeguarding barons from illegal imprisonment, guaranteeing access to swift justice, and imposing limitations on feudal payments to the Crown. These promises were to be enforced through the creation of a council of 25 barons, which would oversee the king's adherence to the terms. However, the charter's effectiveness was short-lived. Within a few months, Pope Innocent III annulled the document, declaring it void, as neither King John nor the rebel barons honored their commitments. This revocation led directly to the First Barons' War, a conflict that further destabilized the kingdom.