Pompeii, an ancient Roman city nestled in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, boasts a history as fascinating as its dramatic demise. Founded around the 7th or 6th century BCE by the Oscans, an Italic tribe, the city initially grew as a small settlement strategically positioned near the Bay of Naples. Over time, Pompeii's location—providing access to fertile land and key trade routes—helped it develop into a bustling hub of commerce and culture.

By the 5th century BCE, the city came under the influence of the Etruscans, whose advanced engineering and cultural contributions helped shape early Pompeii. However, their dominance waned, and control shifted to the Samnites, another Italic group, in the 4th century BCE. Under Samnite rule, Pompeii experienced significant urbanization, with the construction of fortified walls and the development of its civic and religious infrastructure.

Pompeii's fortunes changed dramatically when it became a Roman colony in 80 BCE, following its defeat during the Social War. This integration into the Roman Republic marked the beginning of its golden age. Wealthy Roman patrons and settlers flocked to the city, bringing with them architectural innovation, public institutions, and a robust economy. As a thriving port city, Pompeii became known for its production of wine, olive oil, and garum—a fermented fish sauce highly prized across the Roman Empire.