Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known by his revolutionary name Lenin, was a pivotal figure in Russian history and a key architect of the Soviet Union. Born on April 22, 1870, in Simbirsk, Russia, Lenin came from an upper-middle-class family. His life and legacy are closely intertwined with the establishment of the first socialist state in the modern world. From 1917 until his death in 1924, Lenin served as the head of government of Soviet Russia, and later the Soviet Union, where he oversaw the transformation of the country into a one-party socialist state ruled by the Communist Party.

Lenin's path to power was shaped by both personal tragedy and intellectual transformation. The execution of his older brother, Alexander, in 1887 for attempting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III profoundly impacted Lenin, pushing him toward revolutionary socialist ideas. In his youth, Lenin showed promise as a student but was expelled from Kazan Imperial University for his involvement in anti-Tsarist protests. He subsequently pursued a legal degree, which laid the groundwork for his later work as a political theorist. By 1893, he had moved to Saint Petersburg, where he became deeply involved in Marxist activism, organizing workers and intellectuals against the oppressive Tsarist regime.