Epicurus, a Greek philosopher born in 341 BCE on the island of Samos, founded the school of philosophy known as Epicureanism, which emphasized the pursuit of happiness through the cultivation of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. His teachings were revolutionary for their focus on the individual's inner peace and well-being, rather than devotion to the gods or the pursuit of wealth and power. Epicurus advocated for a life of simple pleasures, good friendships, and intellectual contemplation, arguing that these were the true sources of happiness.

His philosophy was grounded in atomism, the belief that everything in the universe is made up of small, indivisible particles, or atoms, moving through the void. For Epicurus, the natural world was not governed by divine intervention, but by laws that could be understood through reason and observation. He believed that by understanding the workings of nature, individuals could free themselves from irrational fears, especially the fear of death and the gods.

Epicurus placed great importance on pleasure, defining it not as indulgence in material excess, but as the absence of pain (ataraxia) and the pursuit of a serene and balanced life. He argued that physical and mental pleasures, when experienced in moderation, contributed to a life of tranquility. Furthermore, he saw pain not as an inherent part of life, but as something to be minimized or avoided through thoughtful living and wise choices.