Jewish history is a rich tapestry woven over millennia, shaped by the development of a people, their religion, and their culture as they interacted with various civilizations, faiths, and cultures. The earliest reference to Israel can be found on the Merneptah Stele, dated to between 1213–1203 BCE, marking the first historical mention of the ancient Israelite people. However, the religious and cultural narrative of the Jews stretches far earlier. Jewish tradition traces its origins to at least 1500 BCE, with religious texts such as the Torah recounting the story of the Israelites, beginning with the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This historical foundation laid the groundwork for the development of Judaism, which began to emerge as a distinct religion during the Hellenistic period, particularly around 323–31 BCE, as Greek scholars began documenting Jewish practices and beliefs.

The trajectory of Jewish history has been marked by a series of dispersals and captivities, with the first significant one being the Assyrian exile of the ten northern tribes in 722 BCE. This event set the stage for a larger dispersion that was solidified with the Babylonian captivity in 586 BCE, when the Jewish elite were taken into exile. Following the Babylonian conquest, Jews began to settle throughout the ancient Near East, which would later become a defining characteristic of Jewish existence. The Jewish people continued to spread across the Mediterranean world, particularly within the vast expanse of the Roman Empire, where they maintained distinct cultural and religious practices even as they interacted with surrounding civilizations. This trend persisted throughout Byzantine rule in the eastern Mediterranean, although the influence of Jewish communities diminished in these regions after the Byzantine Empire lost control of the Levant to the Arab Islamic Empire in 638 CE.