During the late 2nd millennium BC, Canaan was a Semitic-speaking civilization located in the Ancient Near East. The region held significant geopolitical importance, especially during the Late Bronze Age Amarna Period in the 14th century BC, when it became a crossroads for major empires. The Egyptian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Assyrian Empires all had areas of interest that converged or overlapped in Canaan, making it a key territory for trade, warfare, and cultural exchange. Much of our understanding of Canaan comes from archaeological excavations at sites such as Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, En Esur, and Gezer, where remnants of ancient Canaanite life have been uncovered.

In biblical texts, the term "Canaan" frequently appears to refer to the broader geographical region known as the Levant, particularly the Southern Levant. This area includes several territories that are central to the Bible's narrative, such as the Land of Israel, Philistia, and Phoenicia. The Canaanites were the indigenous peoples of this region, and their diverse societies included both settled agricultural communities and nomadic-pastoral groups.