This book reveals the interaction between the livelihood of people and the surrounding natural environment in rural and urban areas of Vietnam and discusses actions to be taken towards sustainable development, which provide some useful insights into several SDGs. After introducing the overview and environmental regulation of Vietnam, the book describes the impact of agriculture, fishery, and forestry activities on land and water in rural areas. The following chapters on the impact of urbanization on air, water, and material cycles in urban areas contribute to Goal 6 (Clean water and sanitation). The last chapter on environmental education, community development, and other useful information towards future development address Goal 11 (Sustainable cities and communities). Most of the topics covered in the book are based on field research for the past 20 years by the researchers of the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University in Japan, and readers can recognize the reality of how people act on the environment in Vietnam, where rapid development may deteriorate the environment.