In order to have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the basic situation of the "proletarian cultural revolution", this book firstly clarifies the concepts of the masses of "red five categories" and "black five categories", "left wing (faction) "and"right wing (faction)", "rebels"and "royalists (conservatives) ", and the dynamic changes of these concepts. This book used the photos, newspapers, posters and other materials of those years, reappear some of the following events: the Red Guard rebels besieged Beijing's Zhongnanhai and the revolutionary actions of the "Fire line（or Front line）of seizing Liu Shaoqi" for several months, Mao Zedong called on the "armed left faction" and Jiang Qing advocated "offensive by the pen and defensive by the sword", both factions of mass rebel organizations competed for the "Left faction" and "seized" weapons from the army or the local force department, then the two groups fought with guns each other and killed countless people, the victory supported by the Central Cultural Revolution was called the "second liberation", however the big fighting did not stop all over the country, Mao launched the mass movement of "cleaning up the class ranks", which was known as "the continuation of the struggle between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang", so "wipe out the remnants of the Kuomintang" again killed some people.