The early history of the territory now known as Ukraine is marked by a series of ancient cultures and civilizations that shaped the region's development before and during the Dark Ages. The area was initially inhabited by the Dacians, a group known for their connections to the wider Thracian culture, alongside various nomadic tribes such as the Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. These peoples made significant contributions to the cultural and political landscape of Eastern Europe during the Iron Age.

From around 750 BC to 250 BC, the Scythians established a powerful kingdom that extended its influence over much of the Eurasian steppes, including the territories of modern-day Ukraine. The Scythian kingdom is well-known for its unique art, horse-riding culture, and its role as a dominant force in the region. Meanwhile, Greek colonists founded several cities on the northern shores of the Black Sea during the 6th century BC, including Tyras, Olbia, and Hermonassa. These cities became important trading hubs and cultural centers, remaining under Roman and later Byzantine control until the 6th century AD.